Dates: 476 to early-1400s

Examples: Medieval, Gothic, Byzantine, Romanesque

Description: The architecture of the Middle Ages, spanning roughly from the fall of Rome to the dawn of the Renaissance, evolved to fill the void left by the Roman Empire. Initially rooted in Romanesque style, this architecture often recycled Roman stone and structural elements, creating sturdy, fortress-like forms. Known for semicircular arches, massive pillars, and thick walls, Romanesque buildings emphasized durability and protection. This style gradually transitioned into Gothic architecture around the 12th century, characterized by innovations like pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for taller structures and more expansive windows, leading to the iconic stained-glass displays in cathedrals.

Medieval architecture was guided by master builders associated with guilds, and artistry was largely confined to sculptures, carvings, and stained glass, often representing religious themes. While churches and cathedrals exemplify the period's architectural achievements, only a few secular structures like castles and guild halls survive today. Key features of medieval architecture include crenellations, pointed arches, minimal fenestration, and fortified walls, all of which served both functional and symbolic roles in a society shaped by feudalism and church influence. This blend of structural ingenuity and artistic restraint made medieval architecture a distinctive and lasting legacy in European history.